本论文以仿刺参为研究对象，将菊芋全粉作为仿刺参饲料添加剂，制备出含菊芋全粉的发酵型仿刺参饲料，将其应用于仿刺参人工养殖中，探索研究菊芋全粉对仿刺参生长、免疫力及肠道菌落的影响。具体研究内容及结论如下：

1. 将马尾藻、羊栖菜、豆粕、鱼粉、地瓜粉、贝壳粉、维生素、矿物质、菊芋全粉按照一定比例混合均匀得到基础饲料，采用乳酸菌、酵母菌和枯草芽孢杆菌进行固体发酵，得到粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量分别为18.28%、3.59%、18.79%的发酵型仿刺参饲料。
2. 将仿刺参分为七组，分别喂以不同饲料：抗生素（10^-6 μg/mL）、基础饲料、菊芋全粉饲料（饲料中菊芋全粉含量分别为2.5、5、10、15 g/kg）和菊芋渣饲料（4 g/kg）。8周养殖试验结束后，每组分别随机取3头仿刺参进行免疫活性和肠道微生物组成测定。结果表明：（1）补充2.5 g/kg菊芋全粉可刺激提高仿刺参增重率和增强酚氧化酶活性；补充5 g/kg菊芋全粉可促进仿刺参成活率和提高细胞吞噬活性；补充5 g/kg菊芋全粉可提高仿刺参增重率、增加其体腔细胞数量。（2）胃肠道微生物测序结果显示菊芋全粉的添加并未改变仿刺参肠道微生物的多样性及丰富度，但与抗生素组比，菊芋全粉组仿刺参的肠道菌群与基础饲料组仿刺参更为同源。（3）补充15 g/kg菊芋全粉可显著促进红杆菌的生长，根据红杆菌数目与仿刺参生长速度的相关性分析可知，仿刺参的增重速度与红杆菌数目呈正相关。
3. 研究灿烂弧菌刺激下菊芋全粉对仿刺参体液中免疫因子活力变化的影响。选取初始体重为（4.7±0.1）g的仿刺参360头，随机分为3组。分别喂食基础饲料和不同水平的菊芋全粉饲料（5和15 g/kg）。4周养殖试验结束后，进行灿烂弧菌感染实验。结果表明：灿烂弧感刺激后，15 g/kg菊芋全粉可刺激改善酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶的免疫应答变化；而相较于对照组，5 g/kg菊芋全粉可明显增强刺激前期仿刺参的溶菌酶活力。结果表明，灿烂弧菌刺激下，15 g/kg菊芋全粉可显著增强仿刺参免疫应答反应。

为将菊芋全粉应用于仿刺参养殖中，在山东东方海洋科技股份有限公司开展大规模养殖实验。选用12个月龄的仿刺参，分别喂养抗生素组饲料（10^-6 μg/mL）、菊芋全粉组饲料（2.5或5 g/kg），经过8周养殖实验，发现2.5 g/kg菊芋全粉组仿刺参增重率为157.5%，明显高于对照组（抗生素10^-6 μg/mL）。

以上研究结果表明饲料中添加15 g/kg菊芋全粉益生元可显著提高仿刺参生长、免疫及肠道健康等指标，因此菊芋全粉在仿刺参的无抗养殖中有广阔的应用前景。

In this thesis, the fermented feed with Jerusalem artichoke powder as addictive was prepared and used for sea cucumber feeding trials. The study investigated how Jerusalem artichoke powder affected the growth, immunity and gut microbiota of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. The contents and results are as follows:

The basal diets contained sargassum powder, hizikia fusiformis powder, soybean meal, fish meal, sweet potato powder, shell powder, vitamin premix, mineral premix and Jerusalem artichoke powder. After admixture, solid fermentation was performed with lactic acid bacteria, yeast and bacillus subtilis. Proximate composition of diets were contained approximately 18.28% crude protein, 3.59% crude lipid and 18.79% crude ash.

During the eight-week feeding trial, sea cucumbers were divided into seven different treatments and were fed diets containing antibiotic (10^-6 μg/mL) or residue of Jerusalem artichoke powder (4 g/kg) or Jerusalem artichoke powder at five levels (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg). After feeding trial, three sea cucumbers were sampled per tank to assay for immunity and gut microbiota composition. The results indicated that  dietary supplementation of 2.5 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder significantly improved the growth rate and phenoloxidase activity of sea cucumbers. Diet containing 5 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder increased survival rate and phagocytic activity, and diet containing 15 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder increased growth rate and total coelomocyte count of sea cucumbers. Moreover, exposure to antibiotics significantly changed the microbiota of sea cucumbers, while the Jerusalem artichoke powder supplementation stimulated the development of microbiota communities which could be more homogeneous. Supplementing diet with 15 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder increased the growth of Rhodobacterales, and this may underlie the higher growth rate of sea cucumbers under this treatment.

In order to study the effects of Jerusalem artichoke powder on variation of immune-related enzyme activities of sea cuucmber Apostichopus japonicus after Vibro Splendidus infection, three hundred and sixty sea cucumbers (initial body weight 4.7±0.1 g) were randomly divided into three treatments. Control group was fed basal diet while treatment groups were fed basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg, 15 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder for four weeks. The results showed as follows: Supplementation of 15 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder significantly improved the activities of acid phosphatase alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase after Vibrio splendidus infection. In addition, 5 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder significantly improved the activity of lysozyme at the early days of bacterial infection. According to the results, 15 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder significantly improved the activation of four immune enzymes after Vibrio splendidus infection.

A large-scale feeding trial was carried out in Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-Tech Co., Ltd. The twelve-month sea cucumbers were randomly divided into three treatments and were feed with diets containing antibiotic (10^-6 μg/mL) or Jerusalem artichoke powder (2.5 or 5 g/kg). After 8 weeks, the results showed that dietary supplementation of 2.5 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder resulted in 157.5% improvement of the growth rate，which is higher than the control group (antibiotic 10^-6 μg/mL).

These results indicated that supplementation of 15 g/kg Jerusalem artichoke powder was the best choice. Therefore dietary Jerusalem artichoke powder has potential for using in non-antibiotic farming of sea cucumber.