基于实测的道路与非道路柴油车颗粒物排放特征初步研究

	基于实测的道路与非道路柴油车颗粒物排放特征初步研究
	崔敏
学位类型	硕士
导师	陈颖军
	2016-05-22
学位授予单位	中国科学院大学
学位授予地点	北京
关键词	道路源柴油车非道路源柴油车 Pm2.5 排放因子车载试验
摘要	针对中国灰霾问题不断恶化的现状，亟需从源头控制PM排放。但是作为PM排放的主要来源，柴油车数量却呈逐年上升趋势。如今利用车载试验对其PM排放特征的研究日渐受到重视，尤其是非道路源柴油车。本研究利用车载系统测试了5辆道路源柴油车和6辆非道路源柴油车在实际行驶和工作状态下尾气中PM及其主要成分的排放因子及特征。除此之外，结合隧道试验测算了烟台市道路源机动车综合PM_2.5排放因子及特征并以此估算了烟台市道路源汽油车和柴油车年PM_2.5排放量。五辆柴油货车在不同道路上行驶时的PM排放速率范围为0.254-3.16 g·hr^-1。在不同类型道路上PM排放速率大小为高速路>次干道>主干道。并且分析得出PM排放速率与车辆在道路上行驶的Bin区间分布有很大关系。五辆柴油货车在不同道路上行驶时的PM排放因子范围为176-951 mg·kg^-1 fuel。其中OC、EC占PM的比重最高，排放因子范围分别为0.00-155 mg·kg^-1 fuel和4.72-292 mg·kg^-1 fuel。且OC/EC的比值相对于其它研究结果偏高，可能与道路源柴油车在实际路况下行驶的瞬时变化有关。水溶性离子和无机元素的排放因子范围分别为4.68-50.2 mg·kg^-1 fuel和0.634-11.2 mg·kg^-1 fuel。其中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn主要来自于柴油燃烧排放，而Ca、Mg、Fe、Ti和V主要来自于润滑油排放。五辆柴油货车PM中总正构烷烃、总多环芳烃、总霍烷和甾烷的排放因子范围分别为7.19-40.5、0.053-2.95 和0.013-0.133 mg·kg^-1 fuel。正构烷烃呈单峰分布、最大碳原子出现在C19和C20上、CPI范围为0.897-1.21、LMW（含碳数小于等于24的正构烷烃）/HMW（含碳数大于24的正构烷烃）范围为16.2-47.7。四环PAHs可占总PAHs比重的70.1%-82.5%，并且PAHs的特征比值指示柴油货车排放的PAHs多来自于柴油燃烧和挥发。对于霍烷、甾烷来说，占主要比重的为17A(H)-21B(H)-30-Norhopane和17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane，可达到总霍烷、甾烷排放因子的69.4%-82.7%。六台挖掘机在工作、怠速和行走状态下的PM排放因子范围分别为97.8-2,750、75.3-1336和75.0-636 mg·kg^-1 fuel。对比本研究测试得到的柴油货车PM排放因子，挖掘机PM排放因子的最大值为柴油货车PM排放因子的4.4倍。本研究测试得到的挖掘机PM排放因子明显高于国外非道路源的PM排放标准且部分超过目前中国正在实行的非道路移动源国2标准。各工况下PM平均排放因子大小顺序为工作>怠速>行走。且实行国2排放标准的挖掘机PM排放因子相对于国1前标准下降了58%。六台挖掘机OC、EC、水溶性离子和无机元素的平均排放因子范围分别为7.24-1,247、52.1-461、1.54-16.7、1.56-8.73 mg·kg^-1 fuel。其中SO2- 4/NO- 3的比值范围为0.06-0.70<1而V/Ni、Zn/Cu和Fe/V的特征比值为0.26±0.81、1.13±2.00和2,150±2,865。四台挖掘机的总正构烷烃排放因子范围为7.13-222 mg·kg^-1 fuel，明显高于柴油货车的值。挖掘机排放总PAHs排放因子与柴油货车的值相当。但是挖掘机排放颗粒物中CPI指数及PAHs的特征比值与柴油货车的结果略有不同。五卒山隧道和魁星楼隧道内道路源机动车PM_2.5排放因子分别为70.1±15.9和22.2±6.52 mg·veh^-1·km^-1。五卒山隧道内道路源机动车排放PM_2.5中各组分占总PM_2.5的比例为OM（33.2%）、EC（32.1%）、无机元素（13.9%）和水溶性离子（9.2%）。魁星楼隧道内PM_2.5中各组分比例为OM（21.2%）、EC（10.4%）、无机元素（8.90%）和水溶性离子（8.87%）。PM_2.5、SO2- 4、Pb的排放因子随着机动车排放标准和油品质量标准的不断加严而下降。由隧道试验计算得来的汽油车和柴油车PM_2.5排放因子分别为7.36±6.51和415±52.0 mg·veh^-1·km^-1。对比隧道试验、台架试验和车载试验，发现三者的实验结果都有不同之处，其中台架试验的结果与其它两种结果的差异最大。最后估算了烟台市从2008年到2013年汽油车和柴油车PM_2.5年排放量范围分别为581±513-1,353±1,197吨和19,627±2,477-23,042±2,887吨。
其他摘要	According to the worsening haze situation in China, PM emission should be controlled from sources. While the number of diesel vehicles considered as the main source of PM emission has increased year by year, the research on the PM emission characteristics of diesel vehicles is relatively lack. To sum up, this study used on-road test to obtain the emission factors (EFs) and characteristics of PM and its compositions of five road diesel vehicles and six non road diesel vehicles in the actual driving and operating conditions. In addition, the EFs and characteristics of PM_2.5 and its components for road vehicles in Yantai city were measured by using tunnel test, and we estimated the amount of PM_2.5 emissions from gasoline and diesel vehicles in Yantai city. The range of PM emission rate for five diesel trucks driving on different roads was 0.254-3.16 g hr^-1. PM emission rates on different types of road ranged as highway>secondary road>main road. And the PM emission rate has a great relationship with the Bin interval distribution. The range of EFs of PM for five diesel trucks driving on different roads was the 176-951 mg kg^-1 fuel. The ranges of EFs of OC and EC were 0.000-155 mg kg^-1 fuel and 4.72-292 mg kg^-1 fuel, respectively. And the ratio of OC/EC was higher than other research results, which may cause by instantaneous driving changes of road diesel vehicles in the actual conditions. The ranges of EFs of water soluble ions and elements were 4.68-50.2 mg·kg^-1 fuel and 0.634-11.2 mg·kg^-1 fuel, respectively. Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn mainly come from the diesel combustion emission, but Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti and V mainly come from the lubricate oil discharge. The ranges of EFs of alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopane and sterane were 0.013-0.133, 7.19-40.5, 0.053-2.95 mg·kg^-1 fuel, respectively. The alkanes showed unimodal distribution, the maximum carbon atoms in C19 and C20, and the ranges of CPI, LMW/HMW were 0.897-1.21 and 16.2-47.7. Four ring PAHs accounted for 70.1%-82.5% of PAHs, and the PAHs characteristic ratio indicates that the PAHs emitted from diesel combustion and volatile. Total of 17A(H)-21B(H)-30-Norhopane and 17A(H)-21B(H)-Hopane accounted for 69.4%-82.7% of total hopane and sterane. The ranges of PM EFs for six excavators at work, idle and walking operations were 97.8-2,750, 75.3-1,336 and 75.0-636 mg·kg^-1 fuel. Excavator’s maximum PM EF was 4.4 times higher than that of diesel truck. The excavators PM EFs were higher than that of foreign non road sources PM emission standards and partially exceed Chinese non-road sources standards 2. The average EFs of PM were in the order of working>idle>walking. PM EFs for excavators was decreased by 58% from national non-road emission standards pre-1 to 2. The ranges of average EFs of OC, EC, water soluble ions and elements for excavators were 7.24-1,247, 52.1-461, 1.54-16.7, 1.56-8.73 mg kg^-1 fuel, respectively. The range of SO2- 4/NO- 3 was 0.06-0.70<1 and the ratios of Fe/V, Zn/Cu and V/Ni were 0.26±1.13, 0.81±2 and 2,150±2,865, respectively. The range of total alkanes emission factor for four excavators was 10.4-222 mg·kg^-1 fuel, which was significantly higher than that of diesel trucks. The total PAHs EF of the excavator was equal to the value of the diesel truck. However, the CPI index and characteristic ratios of PAHs in the particulate matter of excavators were different from that of diesel trucks. The EFs of PM_2.5 in the WZS tunnel was 70.1 ± 15.9 mg·veh^-1·km^-1, whereas it was 22.2 ± 6.52 mg·veh^-1·km^-1 in the KXL tunnel. The proportions of the different constituents in the PM_2.5 in the WZS tunnel were OM (33.2%), EC (32.1%), elements (13.9%), and water soluble ions (9.2%). The chemical profile of PM_2.5 in the KXL tunnel was OM (21.2%), EC (10.4%), elements (8.90%), and water soluble ions (8.87%). The EFs of PM_2.5、SO2- 4 and Pb were decreased by vehicle emission standards and fuel quality policy in China. In addition, The PM_2.5 EFs of gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles calculated by the tunnel tests were 7.36±6.51 and 415±52 mg·veh^-1·km^-1, respectively. The results of tunnel test were compared with chassis dynamometer and on-road studies, and it is found that the experimental results of the three methods were different. The results of the chassis dynamometer test were different with the others mostly. Finally, the PM_2.5 emissions from the vehicles in Yantai during 2008-2013 were 246±218 ton to 840±743 ton for gasoline vehicles, and 13,825±1,732 ton to 23,042±2,887 ton for diesel vehicles, respectively.
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://ir.yic.ac.cn/handle/133337/13825
专题	中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所知识产出_学位论文
作者单位	中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所
第一作者单位	中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	崔敏. 基于实测的道路与非道路柴油车颗粒物排放特征初步研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学,2016.

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